- Electron holography (EH), using the wave nature of electrons, provides opportunities for directly detecting and visualizing, in real space,
- the phase shifts w of electron waves due to electromagnetic fields. The holograms are formed when coherent electrons illuminating the the thin specimen (object wave) were interfered with those passing through the vacuum (reference wave) using the biprisms.
- Applications: Alloys, Magnetic materials, Semiconductosr, Spintronics
